Identifying ovarian tissue in the bitch using anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) or luteinizing hormone (LH)
Introduction
There are several situations when it is desirable to be able to determine whether or not ovarian tissue is present in a bitch. The bitch may have been abandoned by her owner, and without a medical history it is difficult to know whether or not she is spayed. In other cases spayed bitches are presented with the suspicion of the ovarian remnant syndrome, ORS, usually because of signs associated with estrous behavior, but occasionally because of other signs, such as abdominal pain [1]. If the bitch is presented in heat, the diagnosis is usually straight forward. Vaginal cytology that is consistent with proestrus, estrus or metestrus is indicative of estrogen influence and thus of functional ovarian tissue (Fig. 1a). Rare causes of estrogen influence, such as exposure to exogenous estrogen treatments or excessive estrogen production by the adrenals, should preferably be ruled out. If the bitch has been showing signs of estrus, and is presented within 2 months thereafter, serum progesterone can be analyzed, and increased concentrations indicate presence of luteal tissue and thus ovaries or ovarian remnants [2] (Fig. 1a).
When it is not known if the bitch has shown clinical signs of estrus, or more than two months have passed since she showed such signs, investigations may be challenging. In cases of ORS, the time from surgery to appearance of the first signs of heat has been described to vary between one month and eleven years [3], [4], longer for bitches with neoplastic changes of the remnants [3]. Methods for visualizing the remnants, such as ultrasonography, are not always reliable [3], [4]. Although most often found at the region of the ovarian pedicles, more often for the right ovary than left ovary [3], ovarian structures have also been found in the omentum, making them difficult to find even with laparotomy [4]. Therefore, blood tests to confirm the diagnosis are needed. One hormone that has been used for determining neutering status is luteinizing hormone (LH). LH is secreted in a pulsatile manner by the pituitary in response to gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, GnRH. Low concentrations of LH are present throughout the cycle of the bitch, with dramatic increases during the preovulatory surge. Transient pulsatile increases, lasting 50–110 min, can be seen every 1–8 h throughout the cycle, increasing in frequency during late anestrus [5], [6]. Ovarian hormones, mainly estradiol, provide negative feedback on the LH secretion and in ovariectomized bitches the LH concentrations are elevated, although secretion is still pulsatile [5], [7]. Analysis of serum concentrations of LH has previously been reported to be highly sensitive in finding spayed bitches, but less specific, erroneously categorizing intact bitches as spayed. This has been suggested to be caused either by the transient pulsatile increases, or, if the bitches are analyzed during heat, by the preovulatory LH surge [8].
The anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) has also shown promising results for determining presence of ovarian tissue in both cats and dogs [9], [10], [11], [12] (Fig. 1a). AMH was first discovered as the agent causing regression of the Müllerian tubes in the male fetus, but has subsequently been found to be present in both males and females [13]. In the female dog, as in other species, AMH is secreted by the granulosa cells of pre-antral and antral stage follicles in the ovary after puberty [10], [14]. AMH inhibits initiation of primordial follicle growth [15] and also the stimulatory effect of FSH on growth of preantral and small antral follicles [16], important during cyclic recruitment. AMH has a structure that has been well preserved through evolution and thus is similar between different species [20]. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) developed for humans have been possible to use in several species, including dogs [9], [14], [17], [18]. Canine-specific assays have been developed, some showing promising [10], [11] and others less promising [19] results for predicting presence of ovarian tissue. Other potential indications for measuring serum AMH concentrations in dogs is e.g. selection of breeding bitches, because of a relationship between AMH concentration and litter size [20], prediction of estrus, because of elevated concentrations 8–9 days before the LH-surge [14], and diagnosis of Sertoli and granulosa cell tumors [18], [21].
The aim of the present study was to study the diagnostic efficiency for detecting ovarian tissue in bitches using an AMH assay developed for human samples, and a semi-quantitative rapid immune migration (RIM™) LH assay developed for use in dogs.
Section snippets
Material and methods
The study was approved by the Uppsala Ethical Committee of Animal Experimentation (C 136/13). All owners gave spoken or written consent.
Blood samples were collected at four different clinics or animal hospitals in Sweden: Tyresö Animal Clinic, Anicura Regional Animal Hospital Bagarmossen, Anicura Animal Hospital Albano and the University Animal Hospital, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala.
Results
In total 64 out of the 73 intact bitches (88%) were correctly identified using AMH (Table 1), and 70/73 (96%) (Table 2) were correctly identified using the LH assay. Excluding bitches in heat, the corresponding figures were 42/48 (88%) for AMH (Table 1) and 48/48 (100%) for LH (Table 2).
Of the 52 spayed bitches, 51 (98%) were correctly identified using the AMH assay and 49 (94%) were correctly identified using the LH assay. In one of the samples there was hemolysis, excluding this bitch 50/52
Discussion
In the present study of bitches during different stages of the estrus cycle and of spayed bitches, both AMH and of LH had a high sensitivity for determining presence of ovaries. Excluding bitches in estrus, AMH correctly identified 88% and LH 100% of the intact bitches.
AMH concentrations in intact bitches were neither associated with age or weight, nor with the estrus cycle. This is in contrast to a previous study, showing a decreasing AMH concentration with age of the bitches [20], as has been
Conclusion
Analysis of AMH and LH is useful for detecting ovarian tissue in bitches but the results must be interpreted with understanding of the variations during the cycle. For AMH, low concentrations may be obtained in intact bitches, leading to incorrectly classifying them as spayed. For LH, it is important that bitches are not tested during heat, to avoid intact bitches being wrongly classified as spayed.
Acknowledgements
We thank clients and colleagues who kindly let us take blood samples from their dogs for this study and the veterinary nurses who did most of the work in sampling the dogs. This research did not receive any specific grant from any funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sector. The research was supported by the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
References (29)
- et al.
The pituitary-ovarian axis in dogs with remnant ovarian tissue
Theriogenology
(2011) - et al.
The use of anti-Mullerian hormone as diagnostic for gonadectomy status in dogs
Theriogenology
(2016) - et al.
Concentrations of anti-Mullerian hormone in the domestic cat. Relation with spay or neuter status and serum estradiol
Theriogenology
(2015) - et al.
Alterations of the pituitary-ovarian axis in dogs with a functional granulosa cell tumor
Theriogenology
(2010) - et al.
Changes in plasma gonadotropin concentrations and urethral closure pressure in the bitch during the 12 months following ovariectomy
Theriogenology
(2004) - et al.
Basal and GnRH-induced secretion of FSH and LH in anestrous versus ovariectomized bitches
Theriogenology
(2007) - et al.
Functional and morphological changes in the adenohypophysis of dogs with induced primary hypothyroidism: loss of TSH hypersecretion, hypersomatotropism, hypoprolactinemia, and pituitary enlargement with transdifferentiation
Domest Anim Endocrinol
(2008) - et al.
Falsely elevated serum antimullerian hormone level in a context of heterophilic interference
Fertil Steril
(2013) - et al.
Stability of AMH measurement in blood and avoidance of proteolytic changes
Reprod Biomed online
(2013) - et al.
Atypical presentation of ovarian remnant syndrome in a dog
J Am Anim Hosp Assoc
(2014)
Ovarian remnant syndrome in a 5-year-old bitch
Can Vet J
Ovarian remnant syndrome in dogs and cats: 21 cases (2000-2007)
J Am Vet Med Assoc
Biology of gonadotrophin secretion in adult and prepubertal female dogs
J Reprod Fertil Suppl
Concurrent pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during different phases of the estrous cycle and anestrus in beagle bitches
Biol Reprod
Cited by (21)
Monitoring of canine pregnancy by considering Anti-Mullerian hormone, C-reactive protein, progesterone and complete blood count in pregnant and non-pregnant dogs
2023, TheriogenologyCitation Excerpt :Besides, low and high range samples were measured undiluted and in serial dilutions to calculate recoveries; the range was from 92.8% to 107.6%. AMH was assayed using an ELISA kit that has been previously reported in studies on various mammalian species, including dogs (AMH Gen II ELISA, A79765, Beckman Coulter-Immunotech s.r.o., Chezhia) [32,43,44]. It is a two-site immunoassay targeted specifically to epitopes in the mature region using double monoclonal antibodies.
Serum anti-Müllerian hormone concentration as a diagnostic tool to identify testicular tissue in canine disorders of sexual development
2022, Domestic Animal EndocrinologyCitation Excerpt :The AMH secretion was identified via immunohistochemical staining of the gonads, but in contrast to normal male embryos the gonads of XX sex reversal embryos showed a lower immunoreactivity for AMH and it occurred later during embryogenesis. Since AMH is secreted by Sertoli cells in males and granulosa cells in females it can be used to distinguish between sexually intact and gonadectomized dogs [22,23] and to identify ovarian remnant syndrome [24-26]. Significantly higher AMH serum concentrations have been described in bitches with a granulosa cell tumour [27] and in males with a Sertoli cell tumour [28].
Changes in anti-Müllerian hormone concentrations in bitches throughout the oestrous cycle
2019, TheriogenologyCitation Excerpt :The range of the AMH values of the intact bitches in our study was comparable to the results described by other authors [2,14], and therefore lower than the AMH values measured by canine-specific ELISA kits [16,26]. The informative value of the test we used to distinguish ovariectomized from intact bitches was independent of the stage of the reproductive cycle, which is comparable to other studies [16,17]. In contrast, we did not measure false high AMH values in the small group of 19 spayed bitches with the used AMH test, as it has been described with human-specific ELISA tests [14,17].